CO2 emissions are estimated on the basis of standard CO2 emission rates (per km) for air travel and the distance flown (km). Journey distances are calculated as the 'great circle' distance between departure and arrival locations based on the latitude and longitude of the specified airports.
This distance is then inflated by 9% to account for indirect routing and congestion. Distinct emissions factors and passenger loading are assumed for short (<3500 km) and long (>3500 km) haul flights. This reflects the larger capacities typically used in long haul flights, as well as the higher per km CO2 emission rates for short haul flights, of which a comparatively small proportion is represented by cruising. For return flights, emissions are simply doubled.
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